In addition, in male rats, supplementations with capsaicin (P56-70) [148] and VA (P46-60) [149] reduced ES-induced changes in prepulse inhibition (PPI) at P63-70 [148] and repetitive behavior at P60 [149]
One possibility is that GLP-1R endocytosis is required for agonist uptake by the brain via hypothalamic tanycytes, as described for leptin 65
If these effects translate to humans, GLP-1 medications could theoretically slow neurodegenerative processes
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These shifts help strengthen gut barrier integrity and reduce systemic inflammation, which are both key to improving insulin sensitivity and reducing appetite (Singh et al, 2024)
Today, both peptides remain widely referenced throughout peptide research literature and laboratory investigations